Abstract
Consumer perspective of consuming coffee product has begun to shift not only for solely “pleasure” purpose, but also to consider its beneficial aspects. Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a good source of fiber, protein and micronutrients to enhance the quality of beverages. This research was aimed to evaluate the effort to substitute milk with red bean powder in cinnamon herbal coffee and to study the enhancement of its nutrition content as well as the consumer perception and sensory properties. Red kidney bean powder was used to substitute milk powder and was blended with pre-mixed cinnamon coffee approximately 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% to obtain ready to drink mixtures. The coffee and control were then subjected to consumer perception to 25 panelists and sensory analysis by three trained-panelists and were also analyzed for its relation with nutrition content. The result showed that the substitution of milk with red kidney bean powder up to 8% could still be accepted by untrained panelist and its addition up to 20% still acceptable by trained-panelists. Addition of red bean powder could improve protein content up to 89.3% and 133.0% of soluble fiber content compared to the coffee that used full milk powder. This result showed that red kidney bean powder could be used to substitute milk powder in coffee beverages since it significantly improved the nutrition value and resulted in good sensory properties.
INTRODUCTION
Nutrition enriched-coffee has become a popular new variety of coffee products which is intended to not only improve the acceptance of the coffee itself but also to improve its nutritional value. Herbal coffee is one of the most popular varian of coffee that generally accepted by the consumer. It refer to the coffee product that has been enriched with herbs or spices or other supplement in pupose to improve its acceptance and enrich the nutrition value of the coffee (Dulloo et al., 1999; Roberts et al., 2005; Febrianto et al., 2015). The increasing market of herbal coffee occurred due to positive reports that stated that the combination of herbal and coffee could result in advantageous effect in the body, including enhancing metabolic rates and other effects such as solving obesity issues and treating digestive problem (Dulloo et al., 1999; Roberts et al., 2005; Hoffman et al., 2006).
Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), commonly recognized by Indonesian as “kacang Jogo” is native to America and widely cultivated in Indonesia since the 16th century (Rukmana, 2009). According to USDA (2007), red kidney bean is a good source of complex carbohydrate as well as soluble and insoluble fiber, vitamin, folic acid, calcium, phosphor, iron and protein. Further, USDA mentioned that red kidney bean contains approximately 22% protein, 61% carbohydrates and 15.2% fiber. Despite its high nutritious content, red bean is not regularly consumed by Indonesian since it is not a common staple food. Further, limited understanding regarding the correct method to cook the bean also become a factor that this bean is not consumed regularly due to the existence of innutritious compound such as phytic acid, phytoheamagglutinins, trypsin inhibitors, saponins and tannins (Shimelis & Rakshit, 2007; Viswanathan & Ho 2014). As its role as subtitution product, red bean has been used to subtitutes cereal flours in bread and low gluten aternative (Viswanathan & Ho, 2014).
Milk powder has been usually used as natural dairy creamer due to its high content of fat (26-42%) which could provide enough mouthfeel and consistency in coffee beverages (CAC, 2011). However, its role as dairy creamer has been replaced with other ingredient such as non-dairy creamer that derived from hydrogenated vegetable-based fats/oil (Shurtleff & Aoyagi, 2013). On other beverages, complex carbohydrate or polysaccharides is generally use as viscosity control agent to obtain desired mouthfeel. The use of polysaccharides such as soluble fiber from red bean offer several advantages compared to the use of milk, including reduced fat content, improve its nutrition content as the high concentration of soluble fiber, widen the range of consumption to whom which previously prohibited to consume dairy and non-dairy creamer due to religion and diet reason and also lower the production cost (Gancz et al., 2006; Roudsari, et al., 2006; Mirhosseini et al., 2007; Rasnani, et al., 2011).
Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) has been recognized as an advantageous component for human health, in spite of the lack of nutritional value. Its unique matrix which possesses ability to absorb water, toxin, carcinogenic compound, sugar and low density lipoprotein has been known to reduce the potency of constipation, cardiovascular disease, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol problem (Pardede, 2013). Further, Jenkins et al. (2000) mentioned that consumption of SDF reduces postprandial glucose responses which could occur after consuming carbohydrate–rich meal so that lowering total and LDL cholesterol levels. The ability of SDF to form viscous, gel-like matrix help to slow gastric emptying, hindering macronutrient absorption from the gut and supporting colonic fermentation. On the other hand, the consumption of IDF consistently associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes problem (Schulze et al., 2007; de Munter et al., 2007). US Food and Drug Administration recommend total dietary fiber intakes are about 25 g daily, of which about 25% of it (about 6 g) should be soluble fiber (US FDA, 2015).
Compared on abundant reports regarding herbal enriched coffee, there are limited studies currently known that have examined the physicochemically and sensory properties of coffee in which the milk powder was substituted by red bean powder. This research was aimed to evaluate the effort to substitute milk with red bean powder in cinnamon herbal coffee and to study the consumer perception and the sensory properties by trained panelists in relation with its nutrition content. It is expected that the outcome of this research could provide useful information regarding the physicochemical and sensory characteristic of coffee which used red kidney bean as the milk powder substitutes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Premixed cinnamon flavored coffee formulation
Robusta coffee powder obtained from Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java were mixed with cane sugar, cinnamon powder and non dairy creamer with a proportion of 29:58:3:10% (w/w). The mixture was mixed until evenly distributed and then addressed as premixed coffee.
Red Kidney Bean Powder
Red kidney bean was purchased at a local market in the form of dried beans. The bean was then washed and soaked in the water with the ratio of 1 kg bean to 10 L water for 24 hours. The soaked bean was then boiled for 8-10 mins. Boiled beans was then tempered at room temperature until cooled and then roasted in the oven (100⁰C) for 1 hour. The roasted bean was then ground and sieve in 200 mesh sieve. The powder obtained was then addressed as red bean powder.
Experimental design
Mixtures of red kidney bean enriched-coffee was prepared in the following proportions as mentioned in Table 1. Simple mixture design was used to determine the proportion of the factors (A: premixed coffee powder, B: Red kidney bean powder, C: milk powder). The level was fixed for premixed coffee powder (80%), on the other hand, the levels of B and C were in the range of 0 to 20% with the total mixture was 100% (A+B+C=1). The premixed coffee powder and either red bean powder and/or milk powder were mixed until evenly distributed powder was obtained. For physicochemichal analysis, the coffee was brewed using hot water and stirred, it was then separated between the supernatant and the precipitate. The supernatant was then subjected into protein and soluble dietary fiber analysis. For sensory analysis, the powder was brewed using hot water prior to testing. The trial was done in triplicate.
| Mixtures | Proportions (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Premixed coffee | Red bean powder | Milk powder | |
| Control | 80 | 0 | 20 |
| Formula 1 | 80 | 4 | 16 |
| Formula 2 | 80 | 8 | 12 |
| Formula 3 | 80 | 12 | 8 |
| Formula 4 | 80 | 16 | 4 |
| Formula 5 | 80 | 20 | 0 |
Hedonic test
The hedonic test was carried out using 3 different attributes such as aroma, taste and overall acceptability. Twenty five grams of the mixture powder were brewed using 150 ml hot water. The measurement of panelist response was performed using 5 scales consisting of 1 (like very much), 2 (like), 3 (moderately like), 4 (dislike) and 5 (very dislike) (Soekarto, 1981). In the analysis, the scale 1 will be scored 5, 2 will be scored 4, 3 will be scored 3, 4 will be scored 2 and 5 will be scored 1. The identity of the samples analyzed were randomized using 3 random numbers to avoid a bias. The hedonic test was carried out by 25 panelists.
Sensory analyses by trained panelists
The analysis was done based on the method used in ICCRI. Twenty five grams of the mixture powder were brewed using 150 ml hot water and then evaluated on the following attribute: fragrance, aroma, flavor, body, sweetness, bitterness, astringency, aftertaste. Four trained panelists were employed to analyze the mixtures based on 0 to 10 score method. The score was used to evaluate the quality of each attribute. The score 0 represented inconsumable, 1-2 (very bad), 3-4 (bad), 5-6 (neutral), 7-8 (good) and 9-10 excellent. The data obtained was then presented in the spider web diagram.
Protein and soluble dietary fiber analysis
The protein content was analyzed based on the method of Kjeldahl (AOAC, 2005). On the other hand, the analysis of soluble dietary fiber was carried out based on the method of Asp et al. (1984) in Nollet (2004) with slight modification. The result was presented as % of enrichment, in which it represent how many % of the variable analysed has improved compared to that of the control which noted as 0% enrichment.
Statistical analysis
The effectiveness index method by Degarmo et al. (1984) was employed to choose the best formulation based on the result of hedonic test. The effectiveness was determined using the weight to the value variable (BV) and weight of normal (BN) index. From the value obtained, the value of effectiveness (Ne) was calculated using the formula below.
Value of effectivenes = (Treatment value-worst value)/(Best value-worst value)
The total value (Nh) was calculated by multiplying the BN with Ne. Formulations with highest effectiveness index was then choosen as the best treatment.
The result of nutrition content analysis and sensory analysis was presented descriptively using line and spider web graphic. Pearson correlation analysis p<0.05) was done to analyse the correlation between nutrition content with tastes characteristic.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Improvement of Nutrition Content and its Relation with Sensory properties
The protein content of control coffee premix was 18.55 mg/ml in which the substitution of milk powder with red bean powder resulted in significant percentage of enrichment that were in range of 17.3% to 89.33% compared to control or approximately in range of 21.76 to 35.12 mg/ml (Figure 1). Analysis of milk powder and red bean powder itself resulted in the protein content of 10.15% and 19.41%, respectively, thus it is reasonable that the addition of red bean powder as a milk powder substitute in the mixtures could enhance the protein content of the coffee. In agreement with the report of Lusiyatiningsih & Asngad (2014), the addition of red bean in the product could result in a higher content of protein due to its higher content of protein compared to other cereals such as corn and rice bran. Further, red kidney bean has been found to contain relatively high concentrations of essential amino acid such as lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine and isoleucine as much as 5.8%, 3%, 2%, 2% and 1.7% of total protein or 1.323, 693, 469, 454, and 383 mg/100 gr red bean, respectively (Kay, 1979). In assumption to normal coffee serving and consumption (3 cups a day at 150mL/serving), the consumption of red bean enriched coffee could fulfill as much as 15.3% to 24.7% of recommended dietary allowances (DRA) based on the regulation of Indonesian Ministry of Health (2013). House (2010) mentioned that red kidney beans are a good source of protein due to its moderate protein efficiency ratio (PER) (PER 1.55 compared to casein’s PER 2.50). The higher the PER, the higher the potency of the protein contribute to mass gain to the consumer.
Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of the mixtures were also found to be enriched compared to control which were in range of 18 64% to 132.97% or approximately 0.82 g to 1.625 g of SDF per serving (control 0.69 g) (Figure 1). In general, the soluble dietary fiber content of the mixtures was increasing as the increase of red bean powder percentage. These values were around 6% to 14% of recommended dietary allowances, in which the consumption of red bean powder enriched-coffee could fulfill at least 7.2% of the RDA (calculation based on Formula 1-4% addition of red bean powder, in the assumption of 3 cups a day with 25 gr coffee each serving and RDA of fiber on average is 34.6 gr/person/day). Based on the report of Jahari & Sumarno (2002) in Nainggolan & Adimunca (2005), the average consumption of fiber in Indonesia is still in the range of 9.9 to 10.7 g/person/day or approximately only 31% of RDA. Low intake of fiber most likely caused by a shifting trend in the consumption pattern of low fat, high fiber and carbohydrate intake to high protein and fat but low carbohydrate and fiber consumption (Nainggolan & Adimunca, 2005). On the other hand, compared to milk powder which still contribute to the calorie level of the beverage, the substitution of it with red bean powder contribute no calories to our diet. However, its function to support the microorganism population in the colon help microorganism to release advantageous metabolites to meet our energy requirements (Turner & Lupton, 2011).
Figure 1. “Comparison of percentage of enrichment of protein content (left) and soluble dietary fiber content (right) between coffee mixtures compared to control (0% enrichment) and its correlation with tastes characteristic based on Pearson correlation analysis.”
*(Composition of premix coffee: red bean powder: milk powder = Formula 1 (80:4:16), Formula 2 (80:8:12), Formula 3 (80:12:8), Formula 4 (80:16:4), Formula 5 (80:20:0)) (* represent significantly different at p<0.05)
Codex Alimentarius Commission categorized the term of dietary fiber into 3 categories such as, “naturally occurred in the food consumed”; “obtained by means of physical, chemical and enzymatic”; and “synthetic carbohydrate monomer”. However, despite various sources of dietary fiber, the experts still recommend that fiber should be obtained from the consumption of food due to its nutritional benefits of micronutrients and bioactive compound contained in the food (CAC, 2010; Turner & Lupton, 2011). The sources of the dietary fiber recommended are whole grains, legumes, vegetables, nuts, seeds and fruits. Red kidney bean itself contains micronutrients such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantotenic acid, vitamin B-6 and folic acid, and numerous minerals in addition to its high content of protein and dietary fiber (USDA, 2016).
In relation with tastes characteristic, we found that the enrichment of protein content significantly correlated positively with the improvement of astringency and balance quality of the mixtures (Figure 1). Further, it also improve the quality of bitterness and body, inspite insignificantly. In general, the substitution of milk in coffee beverages with red bean powder lowered the quality of aftertaste and preference. Similar to the correlation of protein content with tastes characteristic, that of soluble fiber content also showed that the substitution of milk powder with red bean powder improve the quality of astringency and balance characteristic (significantly), and improved the body and bitterness quality (insignificantly). However, it lowered the aftertaste quality and preference of the panelist (Figure 1).
Consumer Perception and Sensory Analysis
Hedonic test result as presented in Hedonic test result as presented in Figure 2 show that the use of red bean powder as milk powder substitute in coffee beverages lower consumer acceptance in all attributes. In general, the value of the responses varied in a range between 2.48 to 3.68 for aroma, 2 to 3.6 for taste and 2.72 to 3.64 for overall acceptance, represented responses from dislike to moderately like and “almost” like preferences. The control (80% premix coffee and 20% milk powder) possessed highest point in almost every attribute compared to the mixtures, except for overall preferences attribute that slightly outmatched with Formula 2 (control=3.6, formula 2= 3.64). We found that the substitution of milk powder with high concentration of red bean powder (more than 12%) significantly reduced consumer acceptance, in which the response fell from moderately like to dislike. This condition, thus represents that the substitution of milk powder with red bean powder in high concentration cannot be implemented because it useless since the consumer will not accept it. In the session of hedonic test, the samples were introduced and designated as coffee mix product, in which the common coffee mix product should at least contain coffee, sugar, non dairy creamer and milk powder. Kemp et al. (2009) previously mentioned that consumer’s judgement usually influenced by their common perception of the product and the panelist tend to use the common coffee mix product as their standard for scoring. Thus, it is reasonable that the panelists gave a lower acceptance of the products that have different characteristics from their common perspective of coffee mix product.
Figure 2. “Scoring result of hedonic test of red bean substituted-coffee on different formulation of mixtures.”
*(Composition of premix coffee: red bean powder: milk powder = Control (80:0:20), Formula 1 (80:4:16), Formula 2 (80:8:12), Formula 3 (80:12:8), Formula 4 (80:16:4), Formula 5 (80:20:0)
Our result of hedonic test shows that Formula 1, 2 and 3 are still considered to give good acceptance to the consumers et al. (2015), lower acceptance of the mixture samples compared to control could be contributed by unfamiliar sensation that was experienced by panelist during the tasting session. The most notable sensation of red bean enriched-coffee was the occurrence of grassy-beany taste and aroma that usually noted in legumes and beans derived-products. These flavors were reported to be composed by the aldehydes, alcohol, ketones and furans due to the activity of lipoxigenase or oxidative rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids (Kaneko et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2003). This phenomenon was in agreement with the result obtained in sensory analyses by trained panelists, which stated that the fragrance, aroma and flavor of the mixtures were significantly lower compared to the control (Figure 3). The panelists stated that the mixtures contain slightly unpleasant flavor that should not occur in good coffee such as grassy-beany and cereal off-flavor, thus reduced the score on respective attributes. Formula 2 (8% of red bean powder) shows similarity in the pattern of panelists’ responses to the control, whereas Formula 1 and 3 show significantly lower values compared to Formula 2 and control. The result of effectiveness index analysis shows that the control obtained 0.99, the highest compared to others, whereas Formula 2 obtained 0.92 effectiveness index, followed by Formula 1 (0.73), 3 (0.45), 4 (0.21) and 5 (0). Based on the report of Febrianto et al. (2015), lower acceptance of the mixture samples compared to control could be contributed by unfamiliar sensation that was experienced by panelist during the tasting session. The most notable sensation of red bean enriched-coffee was the occurrence of grassy-beany taste and aroma that usually noted in legumes and beans derived-products. These flavors were reported to be composed by the aldehydes, alcohol, ketones and furans due to the activity of lipoxigenase or oxidative rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids (Kaneko et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2003). This phenomenon was in agreement with the result obtained in sensory analyses by trained panelists, which stated that the fragrance, aroma and flavor of the mixtures were significantly lower compared to the control (Figure 3). The panelists stated that the mixtures contain slightly unpleasant flavor that should not occur in good coffee such as grassy-beany and cereal off-flavor, thus reduced the score on respective attributes.
Figure 3. “Scoring result of trained panelists’s sensory analysis of red bean substituted-coffee on different formulation of mixtures.”
*(Composition of premix coffee: red bean powder: milk powder = Control (80:0:20), Formula 1 (80:4:16), Formula 2 (80:8:12), Formula 3 (80:12:8), Formula 4 (80:16:4), Formula 5 (80:20:0)
Previous report by Heng et al. (2006) stated that nonvolatile compounds in soybean such as phenolic acid, isoflavone, saponin, and tetrol contribute to bitterness and astringency in the soybean derived-products. These factors were suspected to reduce consumer acceptance in the taste of the mixtures compared to control due to relatively higher levels of astringency and bitterness. However, trained panelists found that the addition of red bean powder improved the quality of bitterness and astringency since it balance the sweet and bitter properties of the mixtures. Different response between untrained and trained panelist was suspected due to the different perspective in addition to the purpose of the analysis itself. Untrained panelist tends to choose the coffee that fulfills their requirements for pleasure purpose, in addition to the consumer expectation of sweet and high bodied coffee beverages as they found in common coffee mix products. On the other hand, trained panelists tend to identify and quantify the sensory properties of a product instead of their preferences to the respective products (Stone et al., 1997). Since the trained panelists were trained for coffee sensory analysis, their standard of analysis was based on their perception of “black coffee”, in which the balance between sweetness, body, bitterness, and astringency is considered as an important aspect. This is also the reason that red bean substituted-coffee possessed a significantly better quality of balance compared to control as evaluated by trained panelists.
Davids (2003) previously mentioned that a body is a term used to describe the mouthfeel and often to be related to the texture or heaviness of the coffee. Trained panelists found that the body of the mixtures generally lower compared to control, except for formula 3. In accordance with the result of SDF analysis, the increasing of SDF, especially fiber with high water holding capacity could be resulted in highly viscous solution (Wursch & Pi-Sunyer, 1997). However, the increase in SDF content with the addition of red bean powder still cannot match the body characteristic of milk enriched coffee. Codex Alimentarius Commission (2011) stated that whole milk powder or generally considered as full cream powder contain at least 26% fat (maximum 42%) compared to a red bean powder which only contain about 1 or 2% of fat, thus the addition of milk powder into beverages could improve the body of it due to its creamy mouthfeel resulted by high fat content.
CONCLUSION
The substitution of milk powder with red bean powder in coffee beverages has been successfully carried out in this experiment. The use of red bean powder instead of milk powder in coffee beverages could significantly improve its soluble protein and dietary fiber content, although it lowers the consumer’s acceptance. The substitution of milk powder with red bean powder up to ratio 8:12 found to give a good result. However, the substituting of milk powder with red bean powder wth the ratio of 12:8 found to give the best effectiveness index and acceptance by panelists among other mixtures. The major drawback of the addition of red bean powder was the occurrence of grassy-beany flavor and the increasing of bitterness and astringency, so that the more addition of red bean powder to the coffee significantly lower consumer’s acceptance. The result concluded that the substitution of milk powder with red bean powder can be potentially applied as an option to develop coffee beverages with healthy benefits product.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors woud like to express their gratitude to the technicians in ICCRI’s post-harvest technology and Jember University’s laboratory and also anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the perfection of this manuscript.
