Market Structure and Competition of Indonesian Cocoa Beans Exports in the Malaysian Market
Main Article Content
Abstract
Indonesian cocoa is leading commodity that is able to export to other countries such as Malaysia. Exporting countries compete with each other for the Malaysian market, even though world demand for cocoa beans continues to increase. The study aims to identify the competitive position, elasticity, and market structure of Indonesian cocoa beans and exporting countries in the Malaysian market. The research data source is secondary from ITC Trade Map, from January 2017 to December 2023. The variables used are the value and quantity of cocoa bean exports from 8 exporting countries in Malaysia. The analytical used are Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) approach to determine level of competition and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio (CR) analyses to see market structure. The results of the HHI show that cocoa bean exports in the Malaysian have a high degree of market concentration, with CR4 reaching 71% and CR8 reaching 91%. The AIDS results that expenditure elasticity is negative, indicating that Indonesian cocoa beans are inferior good. The elasticity itself is negative, indicating that Indonesian cocoa beans are inelastic. Cross price elasticity, Indonesia has substitution relationship with Ecuador, Ghana, and Cameroon, and complementary relationship with Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Papua NG, and Uganda.
Article Details
How to Cite
Yafi, M. A., Wirda, B., & Adyanti, A. S. (2025). Market Structure and Competition of Indonesian Cocoa Beans Exports in the Malaysian Market. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 41(3), 235-338. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i3.697
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Aulia, R. U., Harianto, H., & Novianti, T. (2019). Analisis Posisi Pasar Indonesia Pada Pasar Refined Palm Oil (RPO) Di Negara Importir. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 27(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v27i1.56
Bain, J. S. (1959). Industrial Orgranization. John Willey and Sons.
Balai Informasi Standar Instrumen Pertanian. (2023). Kakao Indonesia: Produksi, Tantangan dan Peluang.
Baye, M. R., & Prince, J. T. (2022). Managerial Economics and Business Strategy (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Carolin, A., Tarigan, A., & Suharno, H. (2024). Export Performance of Indonesian Black Pepper In The United States Market. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekoonmi Pertanian Dan Kebijakan Pertanian, 8(1), 216–230.
Cornelsen, L., Green, R., Turner, R., Dangour, A. D., Shankar, B., Mazzocchi, M., & Smith, R. D. (2015). What Happens to Patterns of Food Consumption when Food Prices Change? Evidence from A Systematic Review and Meta?Analysis of Food Price Elasticities Globally. Health Economics, 24(12), 1548–1559. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3107
Deaton, A., & Muellbauer, J. (1980). An Almost Ideal Demand System. The American Economic Review, 70(3), 312–326.
Deka, J., Siti, M., & Setyaningrum, I. (2023). Daya Saing Ekspor Biji Kakao Antara Indonesia Dan Nigeria Periode 2009-2019. Calyptra, 11(2).
Dewanti, R. P., Harianto, H., & Nurmalina, R. (2020). Analisis Permintaan Dan Persaingan Minyak Kelapa (Crude Coconut Oil) Indonesia Di Pasar Internasional. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia, 8(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.29244/jai.2020.8.1.69-82
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Forgenie, D., Dhayal, K. S., Sookhai, S., Khoiriyah, N., Suchit, C., Simbhoo, G., & Isaac, W.-A. P. (2024). Tree nuts demand analysis using the LA-AIDS model: A case of the Indian economy paradox. Heliyon, 10(13), e34238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34238
Forgenie, D., Hutchinson, S. D., & Muhammad, A. (2024). Dynamic analysis of Caribbean food import demand. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 15(November 2023), 100989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.100989
Habibulah, Rulianda P Wibowo, & Sri Fajar Ayu. (2023). Analysis of Indonesian Coffee Export Demand in the United States Using the Aids Model. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 3(3), 820–827. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i3.924
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Junior, L. M. C., Selvatti, T. de S., Alencar, F. V., Júnior, E. P. S., Borges, L. A. C., & de Rezende, J. L. P. (2018). Global Concentration of Pulp Exports. Floresta, 48(4), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v48i4.48334
Kementerian Pertanian. (2023). Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Kakao. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian Kementerian Pertanian.
Koksal, A., & Wohlgenant, M. (2016). Pseudo panel data estimation technique and rational addiction model: an analysis of cigarette, alcohol and coffee demands. Agricultural Economics, 47(4), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12237
Laily, D. W., Atasa, D., & Wijayanti, P. D. (2022). Dampak Kuota Ekspor Terhadap Perdagangan Internasional Karet Alam Indonesia. Agromix, 13(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.35891/agx.v13i2.2822
Landolsi, M., & Miled, K. B. H. (2024). Semi-Nonparametric Estimation of Energy Demand in Tunisia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(1), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15100
Lewis, L. (2014). Menu Costs, Trade Flows, and Exchange Rate Volatility. International Finance Discussion Papers, 2014.0(1102), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2014.1102
Li, X., Peterson, H. H., & Xia, T. (2018). Demand for Organic Fluid Milk across Marketing Channels. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 47(3), 505–532. https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2017.33
Lindström, H. (2022). The Swedish consumer market for organic and conventional milk: A demand system analysis. Agribusiness, 38(3), 505–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21739
Luttiyana, T., & Hariyati, Y. (2019). Efisiensi Penggunaan Input Dan Skala Produksi Usahatani Komoditas Kakao Di Kecamatan Udanawu Kabupaten Blitar. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia, 7(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.29244/jai.2019.7.1.53-62
Mahdi, N., & Suprehatin, S. (2021). Posisi Pasar Lada Indonesia di Pasar Global. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 5(2), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2021.005.02.26
Nabhani, I. (2024). Down-Streaming Impact to the Competitiveness of Indonesia Cocoa. Khazanah Sosial, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15575/ks.v6i1.33343
Nauly, D., Daris, E., & Nuhung, I. A. (2014). Daya Saing Ekspor Kakao Olahan Indonesia. Agribusiness Journal, 8(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.15408/aj.v8i1.5126
Osei, A.-A. A., Etuah, S., Abunyuwah, I., Oppong Mensah, N., Aidoo, R., & Cudjoe Fialor, S. (2024). Nature and performance of smoked marine fish markets. Evidence from Ghana. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2367376
Pandey, R., Asche, F., Misund, B., Nygaard, R., Adewumi, O. M., Straume, H.-M., & Zhang, D. (2023). Production growth, company size, and concentration: The case of salmon. Aquaculture, 577, 739972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739972
Pujiharto, P., & Wahyuni, S. (2023). Formulation of SCP-Based Coconut Sugar Marketing Model Through Analysis of Marketing Patterns in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(4), 765–772. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1150532
Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. (2023). Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Kakao. In Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Komoditas Kakao (Issue 0). Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian Kementrian Pertanian.
Puspita, C. D., & Agustina, N. (2020). Pola Konsumsi, Elastisitas Pendapatan, Serta Variabel-Variabel Sosial Ekonomi Yang Memengaruhi Pengeluaran Konsumsi Rumah Tangga. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics, 2019(1), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2019i1.46
Rahmadona, L., & Nauly, D. (2023). Analisis Daya Saing Kakao Olahan Indonesia di Negara Tujuan Utama Dunia. Jurnal AGROSAINS Dan TEKNOLOGI, 8(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.24853/jat.8.1.39-46
Research Institute (IFPRI), I. F. P. (2017). The cocoa coast: The board-managed cocoa sector in Ghana. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292680
Rifin, A. (2013). Competitiveness of Indonesia’s Cocoa Beans Export in the World Market. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4(5), 279–281. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2013.v4.301
Saputro, W. A., & Helbawanti, O. H. (2020). Produktivitas Tanaman Kakao Berdasarkan Umur Di Taman Teknologi Pertanian Nglanggeran. Paradigma Agribisnis, 3(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.33603/jpa.v3i1.3942
Sembiring, B. S., Syaukat, Y., & Hastuti. (2021). Struktur Pasar Dan Daya Saing Karet Alam Indonesia Di Amerika Serikat. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, 15(2), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v15i2.623
Suryana, A. T., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2014). Analisis Perdagangan Kakao Indonesia di Pasar Internasional. Jurnal Tanaman Industri Dan Penyegar, 1(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v1n1.2014.p29-40
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